Neumann was born in Prague where he studied at the Prague Conservatory, with Josef Micka (violin), and with Pavel Dedecek and Metod Dolezil (conducting). He co-founded, and played 1st violin in, the Smetana Quartet, before holding conducting posts in Karlovy Vary and Brno. In 1956 he became conductor at the Komische Oper in Berlin, leaving in 1964 he left to become conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. He stayed there until 1968 when he became principal conductor of the Czech Philharmonic, a post he held until 1990.
Neumann taught conducting at the Prague Academy for Music, where his students included Oliver von Dohnanyi and Vitezslav Podrazil.
Neumann was particularly noted as a champion of Czech music, and made the first studio recording of Leos Janacek's opera The Excursions of Mr. Broucek in 1962.
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